Tag: grammar

Present Perfect Continuous # Grammar For IELTS

The present perfect continuous is used in the following cases –

To express an action that began at some time in the past and still continues.
EXAMPLE-

  1. We have been walking since morning.
  2. They have been building the house for several months.
  3. They have been studying since 7:00 am.

present perfect continuous

This form of tense if often used to describe a statement that has already completed. In this case, the emphasis is laid on the continuity of activity as an explanation of something.
EXAMPLE-

  1. Why have you become so thin? I have been in bed for few months.

In present perfect continuous tense, for and since are often used. But there is a difference between the two.
For is used to indicate a period of time, since indicates a point of time.
for and since
For example-

  1. She has been reading this book since last January.
  2. The boys have been playing for 6 hours.
  3. She has been sitting here since yesterday.

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Tenses # Grammar For IELTS

TENSES

You must be aware of what is verb. If not have a look at this.

Now, an action could be performed anytime. It could either be in present, past or future. So, to represent these verbs correctly, one must be aware of the time(tense) it is happening.

When the verb is referring to present time, it is said to be in PRESENT tense.

When the verb refers to the past time, it is said to be in PAST tense.

A verb that refers to the future time, is said to be in FUTURE tense.

kinds of tenses

kinds of tenses

Now, all these forms of tenses are further classified into-

  1. Simple present/past/future
  2. Present/past/future continuous
  3. Present/past/future Perfect
  4. Present/past/future Perfect Continuous

Let us begin by looking at the examples of each.

Simple present tense
I speak.
He comes.
They go.
We run.
Present continuous tense

I am speaking.
He is coming.
They are going.
We are running.
Present perfect tense

I have spoken.
He has come.
They  have gone.
We have run.
Present perfect continuous
I have been speaking.
He has been coming.
They have been going.
We have been running.
Simple past tense
I spoke.
He came.
They went.
We ran.
Past continuous tense
I was speaking.
He was coming.
They were going.
We were running.
Past perfect tense
I had spoke.
He had come.
They have gone.
We had run.
Past perfect continuous
I had been speaking.
He had been coming.
They have been going.
We had been running.
Simple future tense

I shall/will speak.
He shall/will come.
They will/shall go.
We will/shall run.
Future continuous tense

I shall/will be speaking.
He shall/will be coming.
They shall/will be going.
We shall/will be running.
Future perfect tense
I shall/will have spoken.
He shall/will have come.
They shall/will have gone.
We shall/will have run.
Future perfect continuous tense
I shall/will be speaking.
He shall/will be coming.
They shall/will be going.
We shall/will be running.

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Kinds Of Nouns

NOUN

A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.
For example-:

  1. Ashoka was a great warrior.
  2. The French army was defeated at the waterloo.
  3. I have got three books.
  4. The crowd was very big.
  5. Her laughter can swing your mood around.

The words highlighted in the above examples are nouns.

KINDS OF NOUNS

KINDS OF NOUNS

PROPER NOUN
The name of a particular person or thing.
For Example-:
India, Anmol, Kohinoor, Assam etc.

  • A proper noun is always capitalized.
  • A proper noun can even be used as common noun. For example-:
    Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare of India.
COMMON NOUN
A common noun is a name given in common to a person or thing of the same class.
For Example-:
Girl, hero, coward, author etc.

Common nouns are of two types-:

ABSTRACT NOUN
Abstract nouns are used to express concepts, experiences, ideas, qualities, and feeling.
The names of arts and sciences are also abstract. For e.g. grammar, music, chemistry etc.
Abstract nouns can be formed from the following-:

  1. From adjectives-: kindness from kind; strength from strong
  2. From verbs-: obedience from obey; punishment from punish.
  3. From common nouns-: kingship from king, theft from thief
COLLECTIVE NOUN
A collective noun is a noun that is used to refer to a group of individuals.
For example-: crowd, mob, fleet, flock etc.

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Apart from proper and common nouns, nouns also have a classification called, countable and uncountable nouns.

COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are the ones that can be counted, for e.g. names of object or people etc.
Books, pen, apple, sister are all countable nouns.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Uncountable nouns are the ones that cannot be counted e.g. sugar, honesty, gold etc.

Note: countable nouns have plural form but uncountable nouns don’t have plural forms.

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Subject And Predicate

While studying grammar the two most heard words are, “subject” and “predicate”. But what is a subject and a predicate?
A sentence consist of two parts-:

  1. The person or the thing we are talking about.
  2. What we are speaking about the person or the thing.

For example-:
Bad habits grow unconsciously.
What are we talking about? Bad habits.
What are we saying about bad habits? They grow unconsciously.
So, a sentence usually has a subject to speak about and it usually says or predicate something about the subject.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE


In terms of definition-:

SUBJECT
The part which names the person or the thing we are talking about in the sentence.
PREDICATE
What we say about the subject is called the predicate.

NOTE: The best way to identify subject and predicate is to question.
What are we talking about? The answer is subject.
What are we talking about the subject? The answer is predicate.


EXERCISE 101


In each of the questions a part has been highlighted. Find out if it is the subject or the predicate.

  1. The girl climbed the mountains.
  2. The girl climbed the mountains.
  3. Sometimes the predicate comes before the subject.
  4. I need help with the vocabulary.
  5. My favorite month is July.
  6. July is my favorite month.
  7. Cricket is the most watched sport in our country.
  8. Anvesha climbed.
  9. My new pen has stopped working.
  10. The last person to finish the race was Amarjeet.
  11. You have a mock test tomorrow.
  12. Nature is the best physician.
  13. The earth revolves around the sun.
  14. Out of all the days, Tuesday is my favorite.
  15. Steve Jobs is the founder of apple.
  16. The hour to prepare lessons has arrived.
  17. The burnt child died on the way to hospital.
  18. They expect to see the prime minister.
  19. Your hands are certainly dirty.
  20. One man meat is another man’s poison.

ANSWERS

  1. Subject
  2. Predicate
  3. Subject
  4. Subject
  5. Subject
  6. Predicate
  7. Subject
  8. Predicate
  9. Predicate
  10. Predicate
  11. Subject
  12. Subject
  13. Subject
  14. Subject
  15. Subject
  16. Subject
  17. Predicate
  18. Subject
  19. Predicate
  20. Subject

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